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visit officially

  • 1 tour

    tuə
    1. noun
    1) (a journey to several places and back: They went on a tour of Italy.) viaje, excursión
    2) (a visit around a particular place: He took us on a tour of the house and gardens.) visita
    3) (an official period of time of work usually abroad: He did a tour of duty in Fiji.) visita; (artistas) gira

    2. verb
    (to go on a tour (around): to tour Europe.) viajar; visitar
    - tourist
    - tour guide
    - tourist guide
    tour1 n
    1. viaje
    2. recorrido / visita
    tour2 vb viajar / recorrer
    tr[tʊəSMALLr/SMALL]
    1 viaje nombre masculino, excursión nombre femenino
    3 (by performers) gira; (cycling) vuelta
    1 (gen) recorrer, viajar por
    2 (building) visitar
    1 (by performers) hacer una gira
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to be on tour estar de gira
    tour operator agente nombre masculino de viajes
    tour ['tʊr] vi
    : tomar una excursión, viajar
    tour vt
    : recorrer, hacer una gira por
    tour n
    1) : gira f, tour m, excursión f
    2)
    tour of duty : período m de servicio
    v.
    • recorrer v.
    • viajar v.
    • viajar por v.
    n.
    • excursión s.f.
    • gira s.f.
    • jira s.f.
    • viaje s.m.
    • vuelta s.f.
    tʊr, tʊə(r), tɔː(r)
    I
    a) ( Leisure) (by bus, car) viaje m, gira f; (of castle, museum) visita f; ( of town) visita f turística, recorrido m turístico

    they went on a tour of o around Europe — se fueron de gira or de viaje por Europa

    he gave us a tour of the house — nos mostró or (esp Esp) nos enseñó la casa

    guided tour — (of castle, museum) visita f guiada or con guía; (of area, country) excursión f (organizada), tour m, viaje m organizado; (before n)

    tour guide — guía mf de turismo or (Méx) de turistas

    tour operator — ( travel agency) tour operador m, operador m turístico

    b) ( official visit) (to country, region) gira f, viaje m; (of factory, hospital) visita f
    c) (Mus, Sport, Theat) gira f, tournée f

    to be/go on tour — \<\<play/orchestra/team\>\> estar*/ir* de gira

    d) ( Mil)

    tour of duty — período m de servicio


    II
    1.
    a) ( Leisure) \<\<country/area\>\> recorrer, viajar por
    b) ( visit officially) \<\<factory/hospital\>\> visitar
    c) (Mus, Sport, Theat) \<\<team/group\>\> \<\<country/Europe\>\> ir* de gira or hacer* una gira por

    2.
    vi
    1) ( Leisure) (by bus, car) viajar
    2) (Mus, Sport, Theat) \<\<company/team\>\> hacer* una gira
    ['tʊǝ(r)]
    1. N
    1) (by tourist) [of country] gira f, viaje m ; [of city] recorrido m ; [of building, exhibition] visita f

    a tour around Europe — una gira or un viaje por Europa

    • to go on a tour of sth, they went on a tour of the Lake District — hicieron una excursión or un viaje por la Región de los Lagos

    to go on a walking/cycling tour — hacer una excursión a pie/en bicicleta

    • guided tour — [of famous building] visita f guiada or con guía; [of city] recorrido m turístico (con guía)

    coach, conduct 2., 1), grand, mystery
    2) (by musician, team, statesman) gira f

    concert tour — gira f de conciertos

    • they gave us a tour of the factory — nos enseñaron la fábrica

    • tour of inspection — recorrido m or ronda f de inspección

    • he made a tour of the villages threatened by the volcano — visitó or recorrió los pueblos amenazados por el volcán

    • to be/go on tour — estar/ir de gira

    • world tour — gira f mundial

    whistle-stop
    3) (Mil)

    tour of duty — periodo m de servicio

    4) (US)
    (Golf)
    2. VT
    1) (as tourist) [+ country, region] recorrer, viajar por; [+ town] recorrer

    they are touring France — están recorriendo Francia, están viajando por Francia

    2) (officially) ir de gira por
    3. VI
    1) [tourist] viajar
    2) (officially) [musician, team] ir de gira
    4.
    CPD

    tour bus N — autobús m de la gira

    tour director N — (US) guía mf turístico(-a)

    tour guide N — guía mf turístico(-a)

    tour manager N — (Sport, Mus) encargado(-a) m / f de gira

    tour rep N — (Brit) guía mf (del touroperador)

    * * *
    [tʊr, tʊə(r), tɔː(r)]
    I
    a) ( Leisure) (by bus, car) viaje m, gira f; (of castle, museum) visita f; ( of town) visita f turística, recorrido m turístico

    they went on a tour of o around Europe — se fueron de gira or de viaje por Europa

    he gave us a tour of the house — nos mostró or (esp Esp) nos enseñó la casa

    guided tour — (of castle, museum) visita f guiada or con guía; (of area, country) excursión f (organizada), tour m, viaje m organizado; (before n)

    tour guide — guía mf de turismo or (Méx) de turistas

    tour operator — ( travel agency) tour operador m, operador m turístico

    b) ( official visit) (to country, region) gira f, viaje m; (of factory, hospital) visita f
    c) (Mus, Sport, Theat) gira f, tournée f

    to be/go on tour — \<\<play/orchestra/team\>\> estar*/ir* de gira

    d) ( Mil)

    tour of duty — período m de servicio


    II
    1.
    a) ( Leisure) \<\<country/area\>\> recorrer, viajar por
    b) ( visit officially) \<\<factory/hospital\>\> visitar
    c) (Mus, Sport, Theat) \<\<team/group\>\> \<\<country/Europe\>\> ir* de gira or hacer* una gira por

    2.
    vi
    1) ( Leisure) (by bus, car) viajar
    2) (Mus, Sport, Theat) \<\<company/team\>\> hacer* una gira

    English-spanish dictionary > tour

  • 2 abstatten

    v/t (trennb., hat -ge-) geh.: jemandem einen Besuch abstatten pay s.o. a visit; jemandem seinen Dank abstatten thank s.o.
    * * *
    ạb|stat|ten ['apʃtatn]
    vt sep (form)

    jdm einen Besuch abstatten — to pay sb a visit

    * * *
    ab|stat·ten
    [ˈapʃtatn̩]
    ▪ jdm etw \abstatten to do sth dutifully or officially
    jdm einen Bericht über etw \abstatten to give a report on sth to sb
    jdm einen Besuch \abstatten to pay sb a visit
    jdm einen Staatsbesuch \abstatten to pay an official visit on sb, to call on sb officially
    ich muss mal meiner Tante einen Besuch \abstatten I must call in on [or visit] my aunt
    * * *
    transitives Verb (geh.)
    * * *
    abstatten v/t (trennb, hat -ge-) geh:
    * * *
    transitives Verb (geh.)

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > abstatten

  • 3 officiel

    c black officiel, -elle [ɔfisjεl]
    1. adjective
    c black2. masculine noun, feminine noun
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ✎ Le mot anglais se termine par - ial.
    * * *

    1.
    - ielle ɔfisjɛl adjectif gén official

    être en visite officielle — [envoyé] to be on an official visit; [chef d'État] to be on a state visit


    2.
    nom masculin (fonctionnaire, organisateur) official
    * * *
    ɔfisjɛl officiel, -le
    1. adj
    2. nm/f
    * * *
    A adj gén official; c'est la version officielle that's the official story; être en visite officielle [envoyé] to be on an official visit; [chef d'État] to be on a state visit.
    B nm (fonctionnaire, organisateur) official.
    ( féminin officielle) [ɔfisjɛl] adjectif
    1. [public] official
    langage ou jargon officiel officialese
    il a rendu officielle sa décision de démissionner he made public ou he officially announced his decision to resign
    2. [réglementaire] formal
    ————————
    nom masculin
    1. [représentant] official

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > officiel

  • 4 official

    1. adjective
    1) Amts[pflicht, -robe, -person]
    2) (derived from authority, formal) offiziell; amtlich [Verlautbarung]; regulär [Streik]

    is it official yet? — (coll.) ist das schon amtlich?

    2. noun
    Beamte, der/Beamtin, die; (party, union, or sports official) Funktionär, der/Funktionärin, die
    * * *
    [ə'fiʃəl] 1. adjective
    1) (of or concerning a position of authority: official powers; official uniform.) Amts-..., Dienst-...
    2) (done or confirmed by people in authority etc: the official result of the race.) offiziell
    2. noun
    (a person who holds a position of authority: a government official.) der Beamte/die Beamtin
    * * *
    of·fi·cial
    [əˈfɪʃəl]
    I. n
    1. (holding public office) Amtsperson f, Beamte(r), Beamtin m, f
    customs \official Zollbeamte(r), -beamtin m, f
    government/security \official Regierungs-/Sicherheitsbeamte(r), -beamtin m, f
    high \official höherer Beamte(r)/höhere Beamtin
    minor \official unterer Beamte(r)/untere Beamtin
    top \official Spitzenbeamte(r), -beamtin m, f
    2. (responsible person) Offizielle(r) f(m), Funktionsträger(in) m(f)
    trade-union \official Gewerkschaftsfunktionär(in) m(f)
    3. (referee) Schiedsrichter(in) m(f)
    II. adj inv
    1. (relating to an office) offiziell, amtlich; (on business) dienstlich
    \official business Amtsgeschäfte pl
    \official duty Dienstpflicht f
    \official residence Amtssitz m
    \official use Dienstgebrauch m
    \official visit offizieller Besuch
    2. (authorized) offiziell
    the \official position is that... offiziell heißt es, dass...
    \official authorization offizielle Genehmigung
    \official broker amtlicher Börsenmakler/amtliche Börsenmaklerin
    \official inquiry amtliche Untersuchung
    \official intervention staatliche Intervention
    \official language Amtssprache f
    O\official List STOCKEX amtliches Kursblatt
    \official market offizieller Aktienmarkt
    \official publication/transcript autorisierter Artikel/autorisierte Abschrift geh
    \official receiver Konkursverwalter(in) m(f)
    \official record amtliche Aufzeichnungen; LAW Gerichtsakte f
    \official spokesperson offizieller Sprecher/offizielle Sprecherin
    \official strike regulärer Streik
    3. (officially announced) offiziell, amtlich bestätigt
    \official communiqué/statement amtliche Verlautbarung/Erklärung
    * * *
    [ə'fISəl]
    1. adj
    offiziell; report, duties, meeting, visit also amtlich; (= formal) ceremony, style förmlich, formell; (= authorized) biography autorisiert

    official strike — offizieller Streik, gewerkschaftlich genehmigter Streik

    2. n
    (= railway official, post office official etc) Beamte(r) m, Beamtin f; (of club, at race-meeting) Funktionär(in) m(f)
    * * *
    official [əˈfıʃl]
    A adj (adv officially)
    1. offiziell, amtlich, Amts…, Dienst…, dienstlich, behördlich:
    official act Amtshandlung f;
    official call TEL Dienstgespräch n;
    official car Dienstwagen m;
    official duties Amts-, Dienstpflichten;
    official family US (Journalistensprache) Kabinett n des Präsidenten der USA;
    official language Amtssprache f;
    official oath Amts-, Diensteid m;
    official powers pl Amtsgewalt f, -vollmacht f;
    a) Amtssitz m,
    b) Amtswohnung f;
    official secrecy Amtsverschwiegenheit f;
    official secret Amts-, Dienstgeheimnis n;
    official trip Dienstreise f;
    for official use only nur für den Dienstgebrauch; → academic.ru/12048/channel">channel A 7, misconduct B 2
    2. offiziell, amtlich (bestätigt oder autorisiert) (Bericht etc):
    is this official? ist das amtlich?; → denial 3
    3. offiziell, amtlich (bevollmächtigt):
    officially von Amts wegen; → receiver 3 a
    4. offiziell, formell, förmlich:
    an official dinner ein offizielles Essen;
    official manner förmliches Benehmen
    5. PHARM offiziell (als Heilmittel anerkannt)
    B s
    1. Beamte(r) m, Beamtin f
    2. (Gewerkschafts- etc) Funktionär(in)
    3. FUSSB the officials Schieds- und Linienrichter pl
    off. abk
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) Amts[pflicht, -robe, -person]
    2) (derived from authority, formal) offiziell; amtlich [Verlautbarung]; regulär [Streik]

    is it official yet? — (coll.) ist das schon amtlich?

    2. noun
    Beamte, der/Beamtin, die; (party, union, or sports official) Funktionär, der/Funktionärin, die
    * * *
    adj.
    Amts- präfix.
    amtlich adj.
    offiziell adj. n.
    Beamter - m.
    dienstlich adj.

    English-german dictionary > official

  • 5 abstatten

    ab|stat·ten [ʼapʃtatn̩]
    vt
    ( geh);
    jdm einen Bericht über etw \abstatten to give a report on sth to sb;
    jdm einen Besuch \abstatten to pay sb a visit;
    jdm einen Staatsbesuch \abstatten to pay an official visit on sb, to call on sb officially;
    ich muss mal meiner Tante einen Besuch \abstatten I must call in on [or (Am) visit] my aunt

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > abstatten

  • 6 statten

    ab|stat·ten [ʼapʃtatn̩]
    vt
    ( geh);
    jdm einen Bericht über etw \statten to give a report on sth to sb;
    jdm einen Besuch \statten to pay sb a visit;
    jdm einen Staatsbesuch \statten to pay an official visit on sb, to call on sb officially;
    ich muss mal meiner Tante einen Besuch \statten I must call in on [or (Am) visit] my aunt

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > statten

  • 7 inspect

    [in'spekt]
    1) (to look at, or examine, carefully or formally: He inspected the bloodstains.) undersøge
    2) (to visit (eg a restaurant or school) officially, to make sure that it is properly run: Cafés must be regularly inspected to find out if they are kept clean.) inspicere; besigtige
    3) (to look at (troops etc) ceremonially: The Queen will inspect the regiment.) inspicere
    •
    - inspector
    * * *
    [in'spekt]
    1) (to look at, or examine, carefully or formally: He inspected the bloodstains.) undersøge
    2) (to visit (eg a restaurant or school) officially, to make sure that it is properly run: Cafés must be regularly inspected to find out if they are kept clean.) inspicere; besigtige
    3) (to look at (troops etc) ceremonially: The Queen will inspect the regiment.) inspicere
    •
    - inspector

    English-Danish dictionary > inspect

  • 8 inspect

    in'spekt
    1) (to look at, or examine, carefully or formally: He inspected the bloodstains.) examinar, escudriñar, revisar
    2) (to visit (eg a restaurant or school) officially, to make sure that it is properly run: Cafés must be regularly inspected to find out if they are kept clean.) inspeccionar
    3) (to look at (troops etc) ceremonially: The Queen will inspect the regiment.) pasar revista
    •
    - inspector
    inspect vb revisar / inspeccionar
    tr[ɪn'spekt]
    1 (gen) inspeccionar, examinar, revisar
    2 (factory etc) inspeccionar
    3 (luggage) registrar
    4 (troops) pasar revista a
    inspect [ɪn'spɛkt] vt
    : inspeccionar, examinar, revisar
    v.
    • catar v.
    • especular v.
    • examinar v.
    • fiscalizar v.
    • inspeccionar v.
    • pasar revista a v.
    • registrar v.
    • requisar v.
    • revistar v.
    • ver v.
    (§pres: veo, ves...) imp. ve-•)
    • visitar v.
    ɪn'spekt
    a) ( look closely at) \<\<car/camera\>\> revisar, examinar; ( examine officially) \<\<school/restaurant\>\> inspeccionar; \<\<equipment\>\> inspeccionar, revisar

    to inspect something FOR something: we inspected their hair for lice — les revisamos el pelo para ver si tenían piojos

    b) \<\<troops\>\> pasar revista a
    [ɪn'spekt]
    VT
    1) (=examine) [+ goods, luggage] inspeccionar, examinar; (officially) [+ premises, building, school] inspeccionar; [+ machinery, vehicle] inspeccionar, revisar; [+ ticket, document] revisar
    2) (Mil) [+ troops] pasar revista a
    * * *
    [ɪn'spekt]
    a) ( look closely at) \<\<car/camera\>\> revisar, examinar; ( examine officially) \<\<school/restaurant\>\> inspeccionar; \<\<equipment\>\> inspeccionar, revisar

    to inspect something FOR something: we inspected their hair for lice — les revisamos el pelo para ver si tenían piojos

    b) \<\<troops\>\> pasar revista a

    English-spanish dictionary > inspect

  • 9 inspect

    transitive verb
    1) (view closely) prüfend betrachten
    2) (examine officially) überprüfen; inspizieren, kontrollieren [Räumlichkeiten]
    * * *
    [in'spekt]
    1) (to look at, or examine, carefully or formally: He inspected the bloodstains.) untersuchen
    2) (to visit (eg a restaurant or school) officially, to make sure that it is properly run: Cafés must be regularly inspected to find out if they are kept clean.) inspizieren
    3) (to look at (troops etc) ceremonially: The Queen will inspect the regiment.) besichtigen
    •
    - academic.ru/38456/inspection">inspection
    - inspector
    * * *
    in·spect
    [ɪnˈspekt]
    vt
    ▪ to \inspect sth etw untersuchen
    to \inspect sth for damage etw auf Schäden hin untersuchen
    ▪ to \inspect sth etw kontrollieren
    to \inspect the books die Bücher prüfen
    3. MIL
    to \inspect the troops die Truppen inspizieren
    * * *
    [ɪn'spekt]
    vt
    1) (= examine) kontrollieren, prüfen; school, hotel etc inspizieren

    to inspect sth for sth — etw auf etw (acc) (hin) prüfen or kontrollieren

    2) (MIL ETC: review) inspizieren
    * * *
    inspect [ınˈspekt] v/t
    1. untersuchen, prüfen, sich etwas genau ansehen ( alle:
    for auf akk [hin])
    2. JUR Akten etc einsehen, Einsicht nehmen in (akk)
    3. Truppen etc besichtigen, inspizieren: → parade A 2 a
    * * *
    transitive verb
    1) (view closely) prüfend betrachten
    2) (examine officially) überprüfen; inspizieren, kontrollieren [Räumlichkeiten]
    * * *
    v.
    beschauen v.
    untersuchen v.

    English-german dictionary > inspect

  • 10 inspizieren

    v/t inspect, examine
    * * *
    to inspect; to visit
    * * *
    in|spi|zie|ren [ɪnspi'tsiːrən] ptp inspiziert
    vt
    to inspect
    * * *
    1) (to visit (eg a restaurant or school) officially, to make sure that it is properly run: Cafés must be regularly inspected to find out if they are kept clean.) inspect
    * * *
    in·spi·zie·ren *
    [ɪnspiˈtsi:rən]
    ▪ etw \inspizieren to inspect sth
    * * *
    transitives Verb inspect
    * * *
    inspizieren v/t inspect, examine
    * * *
    transitives Verb inspect

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > inspizieren

  • 11 officiel

    civic, official
    * * *
    adj official;
    [ officielt besøg] official visit,
    ( af statsoverhoved) state visit;
    [ officielt forlovet] officially engaged (to be married);
    [ ved officielle lejligheder] on official (, højtideligere: ceremonial) occasions.

    Danish-English dictionary > officiel

  • 12 open

    1. adjective

    with the window open — bei geöffnetem Fenster

    be [wide/half] open — [weit/halb] offen stehen

    hold the door open [for somebody] — [jemandem] die Tür aufhalten

    push/pull/kick the door open — die Tür aufstoßen/aufziehen/eintreten

    force something open — etwas mit Gewalt öffnen

    [not] be able to keep one's eyes open — [nicht mehr] die Augen offenhalten können; see also academic.ru/26032/eye">eye 1. 1)

    2) (unconfined) offen [Gelände, Feuer]

    in the open air — im Freien

    3) (ready for business or use)

    be open — [Laden, Museum, Bank usw.:] geöffnet sein

    ‘open’/‘open on Sundays’ — "geöffnet"/"Sonntags geöffnet"

    4) (accessible) offen; öffentlich [Treffen, Rennen]; (available) frei [Stelle]; freibleibend [Angebot]

    lay open — offen legen [Plan]

    5)

    be open to — (exposed to) ausgesetzt sein (+ Dat.) [Wind, Sturm]; (receptive to) offen sein für [Ratschlag, andere Meinung, Vorschlag]

    I hope to sell it for £1,000, but I am open to offers — ich möchte es für 1 000 Pfund verkaufen, aber ich lasse mit mir handeln

    lay oneself [wide] open to criticism — etc. sich der Kritik usw. aussetzen

    be open to question/doubt/argument — fraglich/zweifelhaft/umstritten sein

    6) (undecided) offen

    have an open mind about or on something — einer Sache gegenüber aufgeschlossen sein

    7) (undisguised, manifest) unverhohlen [Bewunderung, Hass]; offen [Verachtung, Empörung, Widerstand]; offensichtlich [Spaltung, Zwiespalt]

    open war/warfare — offener Krieg/Kampf

    8) (frank) offen [Wesen, Streit, Abstimmung, Gesicht]; (not secret) öffentlich [Wahl]

    be open [about something/with somebody] — [in Bezug auf etwas (Akk.) /gegenüber jemandem] offen sein

    9) (expanded, unfolded) offen, geöffnet [Pore, Regenschirm]; aufgeblüht [Blume, Knospe]; aufgeschlagen [Zeitung, Landkarte, Stadtplan]

    somebody/something is an open book [to somebody] — (fig.) jemand/etwas ist ein aufgeschlagenes od. offenes Buch [für jemanden]

    2. noun

    in the open — (outdoors) unter freiem Himmel

    [out] in the open — (fig.) [öffentlich] bekannt

    come [out] into the open — (fig.) (become obvious) herauskommen (ugs.); (speak out) offen sprechen

    bring something [out] into the open — (fig.) etwas an die Öffentlichkeit bringen

    3. transitive verb
    1) öffnen; aufmachen (ugs.)
    2) (allow access to)

    open something [to somebody/something] — etwas öffnen [für jemanden/etwas]; (fig.) [jemandem/einer Sache] etwas öffnen

    3) (establish) eröffnen [Konferenz, Kampagne, Diskussion, Laden]; beginnen [Verhandlungen, Krieg, Spiel]; (declare open) eröffnen [Gebäude usw.]

    open fire [on somebody/something] — das Feuer [auf jemanden/etwas] eröffnen

    4) (unfold, spread out) aufschlagen [Zeitung, Landkarte, Stadtplan, Buch]; aufspannen, öffnen [Schirm]; öffnen [Fallschirm, Poren]

    open one's arms [wide] — die od. seine Arme [weit] ausbreiten

    something opens new horizons/a new world to somebody — (fig.) etwas eröffnet jemandem neue Horizonte/eine neue Welt

    6) (make more receptive)

    open one's heart or mind to somebody/something — sich jemandem/einer Sache öffnen

    4. intransitive verb
    1) sich öffnen; aufgehen; [Spalt, Kluft:] sich auftun

    ‘Doors open at 7 p.m.’ — "Einlass ab 19 Uhr"

    open inwards/outwards — nach innen/außen aufgehen

    the door would not open — die Tür ging nicht auf od. ließ sich nicht öffnen

    his eyes opened wide — er riss die Augen weit auf

    open into/on to something — zu etwas führen

    2) (become open to customers) öffnen; aufmachen (ugs.); (start trading etc.) eröffnet werden
    3) (make a start) beginnen; [Ausstellung:] eröffnet werden
    Phrasal Verbs:
    •• Cultural note:
    Eine britische Fernuniversität, die 1969 gegründet wurde und vor allem Berufstätigen im Fernstudium Kurse auf verschiedenem Niveau bietet, insbesondere wissenschaftliche und berufliche Fortbildungsprogramme. Studenten jeder Altersgruppe, selbst solche ohne die erforderlichen Schulabschlüsse, können das Studium nach vier oder fünf Jahren mit dem Bachelor's degree und dem Master's degree abschließen. Teilnehmer studieren von zu Hause - teilweise mittels audiovisueller Medien - schicken ihre Arbeit ein und erhalten eine Rückantwort von ihrem tutor (Dozent). Studenten können auch am Direktunterricht mit wöchentlichen Seminaren in Studienzentren und an Sommerschulen teilnehmen. Nach dem erfolgreichen Vorbild der Open University gibt es inzwischen auch in anderen Teilen der Welt ähnliche Fortbildungsprogramme
    * * *
    ['əupən] 1. adjective
    1) (not shut, allowing entry or exit: an open box; The gate is wide open.) offen
    2) (allowing the inside to be seen: an open book.) offen
    3) (ready for business etc: The shop is open on Sunday afternoons; After the fog had cleared, the airport was soon open again; The gardens are open to the public.) geöffnet
    4) (not kept secret: an open show of affection.) offen
    5) (frank: He was very open with me about his work.) offen
    6) (still being considered etc: Leave the matter open.) offen
    7) (empty, with no trees, buildings etc: I like to be out in the open country; an open space.) offen
    2. verb
    1) (to make or become open: He opened the door; The door opened; The new shop opened last week.) öffnen
    2) (to begin: He opened the meeting with a speech of welcome.) eröffnen
    •
    - opener
    - opening
    - openly
    - open-air
    - open-minded
    - open-plan
    - be an open secret
    - bring something out into the open
    - bring out into the open
    - in the open
    - in the open air
    - keep/have an open mind
    - open on to
    - the open sea
    - open to
    - open up
    - with open arms
    * * *
    [ˈəʊpən, AM ˈoʊ-]
    I. adj
    1. inv (not closed) container, eyes, garment, door, window offen, auf präd; pass also geöffnet, für den Verkehr freigegeben; book aufgeschlagen; flower aufgeblüht, erblüht; map auseinandergefaltet
    she was breathing through her \open mouth sie atmete durch den offenen Mund
    excuse me, your fly is \open entschuldige, aber dein Hosenstall steht offen fam
    I had difficulty keeping my eyes \open ich konnte die Augen kaum noch offenhalten
    to welcome sb with \open arms ( fig) jdn mit offenen Armen empfangen [o aufnehmen]
    \open boat Boot nt ohne Verdeck
    to do sth with one's eyes \open etw ganz bewusst tun
    I got into this job with my eyes \open als ich diesen Job angenommen habe, war mir klar, was mich erwartet
    an \open wound eine offene Wunde
    wide \open [sperrangel]weit geöffnet
    to burst \open bag, case aufgehen
    to push sth \open etw aufstoßen; (violently) etw mit Gewalt öffnen
    2. inv, pred (for customers, visitors) shop, bar, museum geöffnet, offen
    is the supermarket \open yet? hat der Supermarkt schon auf?
    is that new computer store \open for business yet? hat dieser neue Computerladen schon aufgemacht?
    to declare sth for \open etw für eröffnet erklären
    3. inv (not yet decided) case, decision, question offen
    the race is still wide \open bei dem Rennen ist noch alles drin
    the price is \open to negotiation über den Preis kann noch verhandelt werden
    to be \open to interpretation Interpretationsspielraum bieten
    an \open matter eine schwebende Angelegenheit [o offene Sache]
    an \open mind eine unvoreingenommene Einstellung
    to have/keep an \open mind unvoreingenommen [o objektiv] sein/bleiben
    she has a very \open mind about new things sie steht neuen Dingen sehr aufgeschlossen gegenüber
    to keep one's options \open sich dat alle Möglichkeiten offenhalten
    an \open question eine offene Frage
    \open ticket Ticket nt mit offenem Reisedatum
    to leave sth \open etw offenlassen
    4. inv (not enclosed) offen
    to be in the \open air an der frischen Luft sein
    to get out in the \open air an die frische Luft gehen
    \open country unbebautes Land
    \open field freies Feld
    on the \open road auf freier Strecke
    on the \open sea auf hoher See [o dem offenem Meer
    5. inv (accessible to all) offen, öffentlich zugänglich
    this library is not \open to the general public dies ist keine öffentliche Bibliothek
    the competition is \open to anyone over the age of sixteen an dem Wettbewerb kann jeder teilnehmen, der älter als 16 Jahre ist
    the job is \open to all applicants die Stelle steht allen Bewerbern offen
    to have \open access to sth freien Zugang zu etw dat haben
    in \open court in öffentlicher Verhandlung
    an \open discussion eine öffentliche Diskussion
    6. inv (not concealed) offen
    \open hostility offene Feindschaft
    \open resentment unverhohlene Abneigung
    an \open scandal ein öffentlicher Skandal
    to lay sth \open etw offenlegen
    7. inv, pred (frank) person offen
    he is quite \open about his weaknesses er spricht freimütig über seine Schwächen
    ▪ to be \open with sb offen zu jdm sein
    an \open person ein offener [o aufrichtiger] Mensch
    8. inv, pred (willing to accept)
    ▪ to be \open to sth für etw akk offen sein
    \open to offers Angebote werden entgegengenommen
    the company is \open to offers for the empty factory die Firma zieht Angebote für die leer stehende Fabrik in Betracht
    to be \open to advice/new ideas/suggestions Ratschlägen/neuen Ideen/Vorschlägen gegenüber aufgeschlossen [o offen] sein
    to be \open to bribes/offers/persuasion für Bestechung/Angebote/Überredung zugänglich sein
    9. inv (available) frei, verfügbar; offer freibleibend
    our offer will be kept \open until the end of the week unser Angebot gilt noch [o bleibt noch bestehen] bis Ende der Woche
    there are still lots of opportunities \open to you dir stehen noch viele Möglichkeiten offen
    it is \open to you to accept or to refuse the offer es steht Ihnen frei, das Angebot anzunehmen oder abzulehnen
    the line is \open now die Leitung ist jetzt frei
    to keep a bank account \open ein Bankkonto [weiterhin] bestehen lassen
    \open time verfügbare Zeit
    \open vacancies offene [o freie] Stellen
    10. inv, pred (exposed) offen, ungeschützt; MIL ungedeckt, ohne Deckung
    ▪ to be \open to sth etw dat ausgesetzt sein
    his macho attitude leaves him \open to ridicule mit seinem Machogehabe gibt er sich selbst der Lächerlichkeit preis
    to be \open to attack Angriffen ausgesetzt sein
    to be \open to criticism kritisierbar sein
    to be \open to doubt zweifelhaft [o fraglich] sein
    to be \open to the enemy feindlichem Zugriff unterliegen
    to lay oneself \open to sth sich akk etw dat aussetzen
    11. inv SPORT offen
    \open champion Sieger(in) m(f) einer offenen Meisterschaft
    \open championship offene Meisterschaften pl
    12. inv SPORT (unprotected) game, style of play frei, ungedeckt
    13. inv (letting in air) durchlässig, porös
    an \open screen ein Drahtgitter [o Drahtnetz] nt
    an \open weave eine lockere Webart
    14. inv MUS
    \open note Grundton m
    \open pipe offene [Orgel]pfeife
    \open string leere Saite
    15. inv ELEC
    \open circuit unterbrochener Stromkreislauf
    16. inv MED (not constipated) bowels nicht verstopft, frei
    17. inv BRIT FIN (not crossed)
    \open cheque Barscheck m, Barcheck m SCHWEIZ
    18. inv (free of ice) port, river eisfrei; weather, winter frostfrei
    19. LING offen
    \open syllable offene Silbe
    \open vowel offener Vokal
    20. MATH
    \open set offene Menge
    21.
    ▶ to be an \open book person [wie] ein aufgeschlagenes [o offenes] Buch sein; thing ein Kinderspiel sein
    computers are an \open book to him mit Computern hat er überhaupt kein Probleme
    II. vi
    1. (from closed) sich akk öffnen, aufgehen
    the door \opens much more easily now die Tür lässt sich jetzt viel leichter öffnen
    the flowers \open in the morning die Blüten öffnen sich am Morgen
    I can't get the door to \open! ich kann die Tür nicht aufkriegen!
    2. (give access)
    ▪ to \open onto sth [direkt] zu etw dat führen
    the door \opens into the garden die Tür führt direkt in den Garten
    ▪ to \open off sth zu etw dat hinführen
    the small path \opened off the main road der schmale Weg führte auf die Hauptstraße
    3. (for service) öffnen, aufmachen fam
    the cafe \opens at ten o'clock das Café öffnet um zehn Uhr
    4. (start) piece of writing or music, story beginnen, anfangen; film anlaufen; play Premiere haben
    the trial \opens/the Olympic Games \open tomorrow der Prozess wird/die Olympischen Spiele werden morgen eröffnet
    the film \opens in New York next week der Film läuft nächste Woche in New York an
    who's going to \open? (in cards) wer kommt raus?, wer hat das Ausspiel?; STOCKEX
    the shares \opened lower bei Börsenbeginn standen die Aktien niedriger
    5. (become visible) sich akk zeigen
    the valley \opened before them das Tal tat sich vor ihnen auf
    6. (start new business) eröffnen, aufmachen, aufgehen SCHWEIZ
    III. n
    1. no pl (out of doors)
    ▪ [out] in the \open draußen; (in the open air) im Freien
    to camp in the \open unter freiem Himmel nächtigen
    2. no pl (not secret)
    to bring sth out into the \open etw publikmachen [o an die Öffentlichkeit bringen]
    to come out into the \open ans Licht kommen, auskommen SCHWEIZ, ruchbar werden geh
    to get sth [out] in[to] the \open etw [offen] zur Sprache bringen [o ansprechen
    ▪ the O\open [offene] Meisterschaft, Open nt fachspr
    IV. vt
    1. (change from closed)
    to \open a book/magazine/newspaper ein Buch/ein Magazin/eine Zeitung aufschlagen
    to \open a box/window/bottle eine Dose/ein Fenster/eine Flasche aufmachen [o öffnen]
    to \open the curtains [or drapes] die Vorhänge aufziehen
    to \open the door [or doors] to sth ( fig) neue Perspektiven [o Möglichkeiten] für etw akk eröffnen
    to \open one's eyes seine Augen öffnen [o aufmachen]
    to \open one's home to sb jdn bei sich dat aufnehmen
    to \open a letter/file einen Brief/eine Akte öffnen
    to \open a map eine [Straßen]karte auffalten
    to \open one's mouth ( also fig) den Mund aufmachen, etw ausplaudern [o SCHWEIZ ausbringen]
    to \open a vein ( hum) zum Strick greifen hum
    2. (begin)
    to \open fire MIL das Feuer eröffnen
    to \open a meeting/rally ein Treffen/eine Kundgebung eröffnen
    to \open negotiations in Verhandlungen eintreten
    to \open the proceedings das Verfahren eröffnen
    3. (set up)
    to \open a bank account ein Konto einrichten [o eröffnen]
    to \open a business/branch ein Geschäft/eine Zweigstelle eröffnen [o aufmachen
    4. (for customers, visitors) öffnen
    the company will open its doors for business next month die Firma wird im nächsten Monat eröffnet
    to \open a bakery/book store/restaurant eine Bäckerei/einen Buchladen/ein Restaurant öffnen
    to \open a building ein Gebäude einweihen
    to \open a road/tunnel eine Straße/einen Tunnel für den Verkehr freigeben
    ▪ to \open sth etw erschließen
    to \open a new field of science wissenschaftliches Neuland erschließen
    to \open one's bowels den Darm entleeren
    8. (clear blockages)
    ▪ to \open sth:
    the security team \opened a way through the crowd for the president das Sicherheitsteam bahnte dem Präsidenten einen Weg durch die Menge
    to \open a canal einen Kanal passierbar machen
    to \open a pipe ein Rohr durchgängig machen
    to \open the view den Blick [o die Sicht] ermöglichen
    9.
    ▶ to \open sb's eyes to sb/sth jdm die Augen über jdn/etw öffnen
    ▶ to \open the floodgates [to sb/sth] [jdm/etw] Tür und Tor öffnen pej
    ▶ to \open one's heart to sb jdm sein Herz ausschütten, sich akk jdm anvertrauen
    ▶ to \open one's mind offener [o SCHWEIZ meist aufgeschlossener] werden
    * * *
    ['əUpən]
    1. adj
    1) door, bottle, book, eye, flower etc offen, auf pred, geöffnet; circuit offen; lines of communication frei; wound etc offen

    to keep/hold the door open — die Tür offen lassen or auflassen/offen halten or aufhalten

    to fling or throw the door open —

    the window flew open —

    2) (= open for business shop, bank etc) geöffnet

    the baker/baker's shop is open — der Bäcker hat/der Bäckerladen ist or hat geöffnet or hat auf (inf)

    3) (= not enclosed) offen; country, ground offen, frei; view frei; carriage, car offen, ohne Verdeck
    4) (= not blocked) Ling offen; road, canal, pores offen, frei (to für), geöffnet; rail track, river frei (to für); (MUS) string leer; pipe offen

    open to traffic/shipping — für den Verkehr/die Schifffahrt freigegeben

    "road open to traffic" — "Durchfahrt frei"

    5) (= officially in use) building eingeweiht; road, bridge (offiziell) freigegeben; exhibition eröffnet

    to declare sth open — etw einweihen/freigeben/für eröffnet erklären

    6) (= not restricted, accessible) letter, scholarship offen; market, competition offen, frei; (= public) meeting, trial öffentlich

    to be open to sb (competition, membership, possibility) — jdm offenstehen; (admission) jdm freistehen; (place) für jdn geöffnet sein; (park)

    she gave us an open invitation to visit — sie lud uns ein, jederzeit bei ihr vorbeizukommen

    7)

    to be open to advice/suggestions/ideas — Ratschlägen/Vorschlägen/Ideen zugänglich sein or gegenüber offen sein

    8) (= not filled) evening, time frei; job, post frei, offen
    9) (= not concealed) campaign, secret, resistance offen; hostility offen, unverhüllt
    10) (= not decided or settled) question offen, ungeklärt, ungelöst

    to keep an open mind — alles offenlassen; (judge, jury) unvoreingenommen sein

    to have an open mind on sth — einer Sache (dat) aufgeschlossen gegenüberstehen

    11) (= exposed, not protected) (MIL) town offen; coast ungeschützt

    to be open to criticism/attack — der Kritik/Angriffen ausgesetzt sein

    to lay oneself open to criticism/attack — sich der Kritik/Angriffen aussetzen

    12) weave locker; fabric, pattern durchbrochen
    13) (= frank) character, face, person offen, aufrichtig
    2. n

    it's all out in the open now — nun ist alles heraus (inf), nun ist es alles zur Sprache gekommen

    to come out into the open ( fig, person ) — Farbe bekennen, sich erklären; (affair)

    to force sb out into the open — jdn zwingen, sich zu stellen; (fig) jdn zwingen, Farbe zu bekennen

    3. vt
    1) door, mouth, bottle, letter etc öffnen, aufmachen (inf); book aufschlagen, öffnen; newspaper aufschlagen; throttle, circuit öffnen
    2) (officially) exhibition eröffnen; building einweihen; motorway (für den Verkehr) freigeben
    3) region erschließen
    4) (= reveal, unfold) öffnen

    to open one's heart to sb — sich jdm eröffnen (geh), jdm sein Herz aufschließen (geh)

    open your mind to new possibilities — öffnen Sie sich (dat) den Blick für neue Möglichkeiten

    5) (= start) case, trial, account eröffnen; debate, conversation etc beginnen
    6) (= set up) shop eröffnen, aufmachen (inf); school einrichten
    7) (MED) pores öffnen

    to open the bowels (person) — Stuhlgang haben; (medicine) abführen

    8)
    4. vi
    1) aufgehen; (eyes) sich öffnen; (door, flower, book, wound, pores, window) sich öffnen, aufgehen

    I couldn't get the box/bottle to open — ich habe die Schachtel/Flasche nicht aufbekommen

    2) (shop, museum) öffnen, aufmachen
    3) (= afford access door) führen (into in +acc)
    See:
    → also open on to
    4) (= start) beginnen (with mit); (CARDS, CHESS) eröffnen
    * * *
    open [ˈəʊpən]
    A s
    a) das offene Land,
    b) die offene oder hohe See,
    c) der freie Himmel:
    in the open im Freien, unter freiem Himmel, in der freien Natur, an der frischen Luft, (Bergbau) über Tag
    2. the open die Öffentlichkeit:
    bring into the open an die Öffentlichkeit bringen;
    a) sich zeigen, hervorkommen,
    b) sich erklären, offen reden, Farbe bekennen,
    c) an die Öffentlichkeit treten ( with sth mit etwas);
    draw sb into the open jemanden hervorlocken, jemanden aus seinem Versteck locken
    3. besonders Golf, Tennis: (für Amateure und Profis) offenes Turnier:
    the French Open pl die French Open pl
    B adj (adv openly)
    1. allg offen (Buch, Fenster, Flasche etc):
    sleep with the window open bei offenem Fenster schlafen;
    open chain CHEM offene Kette;
    open prison JUR offenes Gefängnis;
    open visibility SCHIFF klare Sicht;
    the door is open die Tür ist oder steht offen, die Tür ist geöffnet oder umg auf;
    cut open aufschneiden;
    get open eine Tür etc aufbekommen, -bringen;
    hold the door open for sb jemandem die Tür aufhalten;
    keep ( oder leave) open eine Tür etc auflassen;
    keep one’s eyes open fig die Augen offen halten;
    pull open eine Schublade etc aufziehen;
    throw open eine Tür etc aufreißen, -stoßen ( → B 7);
    with open eyes mit offenen Augen (a. fig); → arm1 Bes Redew, book A 1, bowel A 1 b, door Bes Redew, order A 5, punctuation 1
    2. MED offen (Tuberkulose, Wunde etc)
    3. offen, frei, zugänglich:
    open country offenes Gelände;
    open field freies Feld;
    open sea offenes Meer, hohe See;
    open spaces öffentliche Plätze (Parkanlagen etc); → air1 A 1
    4. frei, offen:
    an open car ein offener Wagen;
    open motor ELEK offener oder ungeschützter Motor;
    lay open bloß-, freilegen ( → B 11)
    5. offen, eisfrei (Hafen, Wasser etc):
    open winter frostfreier Winter
    6. geöffnet, offen, präd auch auf umg:
    the lines are open from … to … Sie können von … bis … anrufen;
    we are open wir haben geöffnet
    7. fig offen (to für), öffentlich, (jedem) zugänglich:
    be open to offenstehen (dat);
    a) der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich machen,
    b) zugänglich machen (to dat, für)( → B 1);
    open tournament → A 3;
    open competition freier Wettbewerb;
    open letter offener Brief;
    open market WIRTSCH offener oder freier Markt;
    open position freie oder offene (Arbeits)Stelle;
    open sale öffentliche Versteigerung;
    open session öffentliche Sitzung;
    open for subscription WIRTSCH zur Zeichnung aufgelegt;
    open to the public für die Öffentlichkeit zugänglich;
    open to traffic für den Verkehr freigegeben;
    in open court JUR in öffentlicher Sitzung oder Verhandlung
    8. fig zugänglich, aufgeschlossen ( beide:
    to für oder dat):
    be open to suggestions für Vorschläge offen sein; → bribery, conviction 2, mind A 2
    9. fig ausgesetzt, unterworfen ( beide:
    to der Kritik etc):
    open to question anfechtbar;
    open to temptation anfällig gegen die Versuchung;
    lay o.s. open to criticism sich der Kritik aussetzen;
    leave o.s. wide open to sb sich jemandem gegenüber eine (große) Blöße geben;
    that is open to argument darüber lässt sich streiten;
    be open to different interpretations verschiedene Deutungen zulassen; → misconstruction 1
    10. offen(kundig), unverhüllt (Verachtung etc):
    an open secret ein offenes Geheimnis
    11. offen, freimütig:
    I will be open with you ich will ganz offen mit Ihnen reden;
    open and aboveboard offen und ehrlich;
    a) offen darlegen,
    b) aufdecken, enthüllen ( → B 4)
    12. unentschieden, offen (Frage, Kampf etc)
    13. fig frei (ohne Verbote):
    open pattern JUR ungeschütztes Muster;
    open season Jagd-, Fischzeit f (Ggs Schonzeit)
    14. frei (Zeit):
    keep a day open sich einen Tag freihalten
    15. lückenhaft (Gebiss etc):
    open population geringe Bevölkerungsdichte
    16. durchbrochen (Gewebe, Handarbeit)
    17. WIRTSCH laufend (Konto, Kredit, Rechnung):
    open cheque Br Barscheck m
    18. LING offen (Silbe, Vokal):
    open consonant Reibelaut m
    19. MUS
    a) weit (Lage, Satz)
    b) leer (Saite etc):
    open harmony weiter Satz;
    open note Grundton m (einer Saite etc)
    20. TYPO licht:
    open matter lichter oder weit durchschossener Satz;
    open type Konturschrift f
    C v/t
    1. allg öffnen, aufmachen, die Augen, ein Buch auch aufschlagen:
    open the circuit ELEK den Stromkreis ausschalten oder unterbrechen;
    open one’s mouth fig den Mund aufmachen; → bowel A 1 b, door Bes Redew
    2. eröffnen ( an account WIRTSCH ein Konto; a business WIRTSCH ein Geschäft; a credit WIRTSCH einen Kredit oder ein Akkreditiv; the debate die Debatte; fire MIL das Feuer [ at, on auf akk]; a prospect eine Aussicht):
    open an account auch ein Konto anlegen;
    open new markets WIRTSCH neue Märkte erschließen;
    open negotiations Verhandlungen anknüpfen, in Verhandlungen eintreten;
    open a road to traffic eine Straße dem Verkehr übergeben;
    open diplomatic relations POL diplomatische Beziehungen aufnehmen
    3. aufschneiden, -stechen, öffnen ( alle auch MED)
    4. Gefühle, Gedanken enthüllen, seine Absichten kundtun:
    open o.s. to sb sich jemandem mitteilen; → heart Bes Redew
    5. JUR in der Schwebe lassen:
    open a judg(e)ment beschließen, eine nochmalige Verhandlung über eine bereits gefällte Entscheidung zuzulassen
    6. besonders SCHIFF ein bisher verdecktes Objekt in Sicht bekommen
    D v/i
    1. sich öffnen oder auftun, aufgehen (Tür etc):
    “doors open at 7 p.m.” „Einlass ab 19 Uhr“; → heaven 4
    2. (to) fig sich (dem Auge, Geist etc) erschließen oder zeigen oder auftun
    3. führen, gehen (Fenster, Tür)
    4. fig
    a) anfangen, beginnen (Börse, Schule etc)
    b) öffnen, aufmachen (Laden, Büro etc)
    c) anlaufen (Film), eröffnen (Ausstellung etc)
    d) (einen Brief, seine Rede) beginnen ( with mit)
    5. a) allg öffnen
    b) das Buch aufschlagen:
    let’s open at page 50
    6. SCHIFF in Sicht kommen
    * * *
    1. adjective

    be [wide/half] open — [weit/halb] offen stehen

    hold the door open [for somebody] — [jemandem] die Tür aufhalten

    push/pull/kick the door open — die Tür aufstoßen/aufziehen/eintreten

    [not] be able to keep one's eyes open — [nicht mehr] die Augen offenhalten können; see also eye 1. 1)

    2) (unconfined) offen [Gelände, Feuer]

    be open — [Laden, Museum, Bank usw.:] geöffnet sein

    ‘open’/‘open on Sundays’ — "geöffnet"/"Sonntags geöffnet"

    4) (accessible) offen; öffentlich [Treffen, Rennen]; (available) frei [Stelle]; freibleibend [Angebot]

    lay open — offen legen [Plan]

    5)

    be open to — (exposed to) ausgesetzt sein (+ Dat.) [Wind, Sturm]; (receptive to) offen sein für [Ratschlag, andere Meinung, Vorschlag]

    I hope to sell it for £1,000, but I am open to offers — ich möchte es für 1 000 Pfund verkaufen, aber ich lasse mit mir handeln

    lay oneself [wide] open to criticism — etc. sich der Kritik usw. aussetzen

    be open to question/doubt/argument — fraglich/zweifelhaft/umstritten sein

    6) (undecided) offen

    have an open mind about or on something — einer Sache gegenüber aufgeschlossen sein

    7) (undisguised, manifest) unverhohlen [Bewunderung, Hass]; offen [Verachtung, Empörung, Widerstand]; offensichtlich [Spaltung, Zwiespalt]

    open war/warfare — offener Krieg/Kampf

    8) (frank) offen [Wesen, Streit, Abstimmung, Gesicht]; (not secret) öffentlich [Wahl]

    be open [about something/with somebody] — [in Bezug auf etwas (Akk.) /gegenüber jemandem] offen sein

    9) (expanded, unfolded) offen, geöffnet [Pore, Regenschirm]; aufgeblüht [Blume, Knospe]; aufgeschlagen [Zeitung, Landkarte, Stadtplan]

    somebody/something is an open book [to somebody] — (fig.) jemand/etwas ist ein aufgeschlagenes od. offenes Buch [für jemanden]

    2. noun

    in the open — (outdoors) unter freiem Himmel

    [out] in the open — (fig.) [öffentlich] bekannt

    come [out] into the open — (fig.) (become obvious) herauskommen (ugs.); (speak out) offen sprechen

    bring something [out] into the open — (fig.) etwas an die Öffentlichkeit bringen

    3. transitive verb
    1) öffnen; aufmachen (ugs.)

    open something [to somebody/something] — etwas öffnen [für jemanden/etwas]; (fig.) [jemandem/einer Sache] etwas öffnen

    3) (establish) eröffnen [Konferenz, Kampagne, Diskussion, Laden]; beginnen [Verhandlungen, Krieg, Spiel]; (declare open) eröffnen [Gebäude usw.]

    open fire [on somebody/something] — das Feuer [auf jemanden/etwas] eröffnen

    4) (unfold, spread out) aufschlagen [Zeitung, Landkarte, Stadtplan, Buch]; aufspannen, öffnen [Schirm]; öffnen [Fallschirm, Poren]

    open one's arms [wide] — die od. seine Arme [weit] ausbreiten

    5) (reveal, expose)

    something opens new horizons/a new world to somebody — (fig.) etwas eröffnet jemandem neue Horizonte/eine neue Welt

    open one's heart or mind to somebody/something — sich jemandem/einer Sache öffnen

    4. intransitive verb
    1) sich öffnen; aufgehen; [Spalt, Kluft:] sich auftun

    ‘Doors open at 7 p.m.’ — "Einlass ab 19 Uhr"

    open inwards/outwards — nach innen/außen aufgehen

    the door would not open — die Tür ging nicht auf od. ließ sich nicht öffnen

    open into/on to something — zu etwas führen

    2) (become open to customers) öffnen; aufmachen (ugs.); (start trading etc.) eröffnet werden
    3) (make a start) beginnen; [Ausstellung:] eröffnet werden
    Phrasal Verbs:
    •• Cultural note:
    Eine britische Fernuniversität, die 1969 gegründet wurde und vor allem Berufstätigen im Fernstudium Kurse auf verschiedenem Niveau bietet, insbesondere wissenschaftliche und berufliche Fortbildungsprogramme. Studenten jeder Altersgruppe, selbst solche ohne die erforderlichen Schulabschlüsse, können das Studium nach vier oder fünf Jahren mit dem Bachelor's degree und dem Master's degree abschließen. Teilnehmer studieren von zu Hause - teilweise mittels audiovisueller Medien - schicken ihre Arbeit ein und erhalten eine Rückantwort von ihrem tutor (Dozent). Studenten können auch am Direktunterricht mit wöchentlichen Seminaren in Studienzentren und an Sommerschulen teilnehmen. Nach dem erfolgreichen Vorbild der Open University gibt es inzwischen auch in anderen Teilen der Welt ähnliche Fortbildungsprogramme
    * * *
    (not concealed) adj.
    offen adj. (not hidden) adj.
    nicht geheim adj. adj.
    offen (Mathematik) adj.
    offen adj.
    übersichtlich (Gelände) adj. (close) the meeting expr.
    Sitzung eröffnen (schließen) ausdr. (up) v.
    erschließen (Markt) ausdr. v.
    anfangen v.
    eröffnen v.
    öffnen v.

    English-german dictionary > open

  • 13 warn

    transitive verb
    1) (inform, give notice) warnen (against, of, about vor + Dat.)

    warn somebody that... — jemanden darauf hinweisen, dass...

    you have been warned! — ich habe/wir haben dich gewarnt!

    warn somebody not to do something — jemanden davor warnen, etwas zu tun

    2) (admonish) ermahnen; (officially) abmahnen
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/93629/warn_off">warn off
    * * *
    [wo:n] 1. verb
    1) (to tell (a person) in advance (about a danger etc): Black clouds warned us of the approaching storm; They warned her that she would be ill if she didn't rest.) warnen
    2) (to advise (someone against doing something): I was warned about/against speeding by the policeman; They warned him not to be late.) ermahnen
    •
    2. adjective
    (giving a warning: She received a warning message.) warnend
    * * *
    [wɔ:n, AM wɔ:rn]
    I. vi warnen
    ▪ to \warn of sth vor etw dat warnen; road sign auf etw akk hinweisen
    II. vt
    1. (make aware)
    ▪ to \warn sb [about [or of] sth] jdn [vor etw dat] warnen
    you have been \warned! sag nicht, du wärst nicht gewarnt worden!
    ▪ to \warn sb not to do sth jdn davor warnen, etw zu tun
    ▪ to \warn sb that... jdn darauf hinweisen [o aufmerksam machen], dass...
    ▪ to \warn that... darauf hinweisen, dass...
    2. (urge)
    ▪ to \warn sb to do sth jdn ermahnen, etw zu tun; (strongly dissuade)
    ▪ to \warn sb against [or off] sth jdn vor etw dat warnen, jdm von etw dat abraten
    ▪ to \warn sb against [or off] doing sth jdn davor warnen [o jdm davon abraten], etw zu tun
    ▪ to \warn sb jdn verwarnen
    * * *
    [wɔːn]
    1. vt
    1) (= give warning) warnen (of, about, against vor +dat); (police, judge etc) verwarnen

    to warn sb not to do sth — jdn davor warnen, etw zu tun

    be warned — sei gewarnt!, lass dich warnen!

    you have been warned! — sag nicht, ich hätte dich nicht gewarnt or es hätte dich niemand gewarnt!

    2)

    (= inform) to warn sb that... —

    her expression warned me that she was not enjoying the conversation — ich merkte schon an ihrem Gesichtsausdruck, dass ihr die Unterhaltung nicht gefiel

    you might have warned us that you were coming — du hättest uns ruhig vorher Bescheid sagen können, dass du kommst

    2. vi
    warnen (of vor +dat)
    * * *
    warn [wɔː(r)n] v/t
    1. warnen (of, against vor dat):
    warn sb against doing ( oder not to do) sth jemanden davor warnen oder jemandem davon abraten, etwas zu tun;
    you have been warned sag hinterher nicht, es hätte dich niemand gewarnt!
    2. jemanden warnend hinweisen, aufmerksam machen (of auf akk; that dass)
    3. jemanden ermahnen ( to do zu tun)
    4. jemandem (dringend) raten, nahelegen ( beide:
    to do zu tun)
    5. (of) jemanden verständigen (von), jemanden wissen lassen (akk), jemandem anzeigen oder ankündigen (akk):
    6. jemanden auffordern ( to do zu tun)
    7. jemanden verweisen ( off gen oder aus, von)
    a) verwarnen
    b) abmahnen
    * * *
    transitive verb
    1) (inform, give notice) warnen (against, of, about vor + Dat.)

    warn somebody that... — jemanden darauf hinweisen, dass...

    you have been warned! — ich habe/wir haben dich gewarnt!

    warn somebody not to do something — jemanden davor warnen, etwas zu tun

    2) (admonish) ermahnen; (officially) abmahnen
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (of) v.
    warnen (vor) v. v.
    warnen v.

    English-german dictionary > warn

  • 14 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 15 express

    ɪksˈpres
    1. сущ.
    1) экспресс (поезд, автобус) He had boarded an express for Rome. ≈ Он сел на экспресс до Рима.
    2) а) посыльный, курьер б) срочное (почтовое) отправление Syn: special delivery
    3) амер. а) срочная пересылка (денег, багажа и т. п.) через транспортную контору б) транспортная контора
    2. прил.
    1) а) ясный, недвусмысленный, точно выраженный his express orders ≈ его четкие приказы Mr. Stanley's answer was express and clear. ≈ Ответы мистера Стэнли были определенными и четкими. Syn: definite, explicit б) точный Syn: exact
    1., precise
    2) особый, специальный for that express purpose ≈ с этой конкретной целью I had obtained my first camera for the express purpose of taking railway photographs. ≈ Я получил свою первую камеру специально, чтобы делать фотографии железных дорог. Syn: specific
    1., special
    1., especial
    3) а) срочный, экстренный express train ≈ курьерский поезд, экспресс It was sent to us by express mail. ≈ Оно было послано нам срочной почтой. б) скоростной an express highway ≈ скоростная трасса express bullet ≈ облегченная пуля с повышенной скоростью express rifle ≈ винтовка с повышенной начальной скоростью пули
    3. нареч. срочно, с нарочным, экспрессом Send it express. ≈ Пошлите это с нарочным. The managers of certain tall buildings now arrange elevators so that some run 'express' to the seventh story. ≈ Администрация некоторых высотных зданий организует движение лифтов так, что некоторые экспрессом доезжают до семнадцатого этажа. to travel express ≈ ехать экспрессом
    4. гл.
    1) а) изображать Syn: delineate, depict, portray б) выражать;
    высказывать to express clearly ≈ ясно выражать to express forcefully ≈ убедительно высказывать He expressed his sympathy to the bereaved family. ≈ Он выразил свое сочувствие пострадавшей семье. Syn: state I
    3., utter I, manifest
    2. в) возвр. выражать себя;
    выражать свои мысли, чувства, высказываться to express oneself in good English ≈ выражаться, говорить на хорошем английском He expressed himself easily in French. ≈ Он легко объясняется по-французски. Children may find it easier to express themselves in a letter than in a formal essay. ≈ Детям, возможно, легче выразить свои мысли в письме, чем в строгом эссе. г) отображать, выражать, изображать, символизировать We can express that equation like that... ≈ Мы можем выразить это уравнение следующим образом... It is expressed as a percentage. ≈ Это выражено как процентное отношение. Syn: show
    2., reflect, symbolize
    2) выжимать, выдавливать (сок, фрукты, молоко - from, out of)
    3) отправлять срочной почтой или с нарочным;
    амер. отправлять через транспортную контору After expressing their luggage, they had come over the mountains from Bologna on foot. ≈ После того, как они отправили багаж с курьерской службой, они отправились в Болонью пешком.
    4) ехать экспрессом экспресс (поезд, автобус и т. п.) - to travel by * ехать экспрессом нарочный, курьер, посыльный срочное письмо;
    срочное почтовое отправление (американизм) срочная пересылка (товаров, денег) ;
    срочная пересылка через транспортную контору - to send by * отправить с посыльным /через транспортную контору/ транспортная контора (тж. * company) (военное) винтовка с повышенной начальной скоростью пули (тж. * rifle) определенный, точно выраженный;
    ясный, недвусмысленный - * command точное /ясное/ приказание - * wish ясно выраженное желание - * assent прямо выраженное согласие( устаревшее) точный, верный, не приблизительный - * image of a person точная копия кого-л.;
    как две капли воды похожий на кого-л. специальный;
    нарочитый - he came with this * purpose он приехал специально с этой целью;
    только для этой цели он и приехал - there was an * stipulation to the effect that... было специально оговорено, что... срочный, спешный;
    экстренный - * delivery срочная доставка, доставка с нарочным (в Англии - почтой, в США -через транспортную контору) - * goods груз большой скорости - * train курьерский поезд, экспресс - * bus автобус-экспресс - * services( специальное) срочные виды работ - * charges доплата за срочность скоростной - * bullet( военное) экспрессивная пуля, облегченная пуля с повышенной скоростью - * rifle (военное) винтовка с повышенной начальной скоростью пули - at * speed с высокой скоростью > * powers полномочия центральной исполнительной власти, специально оговоренные в конституции США срочно, спешно;
    экстренно;
    экспрессом;
    с нарочным - to send smth. * отправить что-л. с нарочным /с посыльным/ - to travel * ехать курьерским поездом /экспрессом/ (редкое) специально, нарочно - he came here * to visit his old friends он приехал сюда только для того, чтобы повидаться со старыми друзьями выражать - to * one's opinion выразить /высказать/ свое мнение - I cannot * to you how grateful I am не могу выразить, как я вам благодарен - to * one's sympathy at the untimely death of... выразить сочувствие по поводу безвременной кончины... отражать, выражать - his face *ed sorrow на его лице отразилась печаль, лицо его было печально выражать себя, свою личность( в художественном произведении) высказываться, выражать свои мысли - to * oneself on smth. высказаться по поводу чего-л. - to * oneself in English объясниться по-английски - to * oneself officially официально выразить свое мнение изображать, символизировать;
    отражать отправлять срочной почтой, с нарочным (почтовым) (американизм) отправлять через транспортную контору ехать экспрессом, курьерским поездом выжимать - to * the juice from an apple, to * an apple выжимать сок из яблока исторгать - the false evidence was *ed by torture это ложное свидетельство было получено под пыткой ~ выражать (прямо, ясно) ;
    to be unable to express oneself не уметь высказаться, выразить свои мысли;
    the agreement is expressed so as... соглашение предусматривает... ~ выражать (прямо, ясно) ;
    to be unable to express oneself не уметь высказаться, выразить свои мысли;
    the agreement is expressed so as... соглашение предусматривает... express выжимать (from, out of) ~ выражать (прямо, ясно) ;
    to be unable to express oneself не уметь высказаться, выразить свои мысли;
    the agreement is expressed so as... соглашение предусматривает... ~ выражать ~ ехать экспрессом ~ изображать, отражать ~ курьер ~ нарочный курьер, посыльный ~ определенный, точно выраженный ~ определенный ~ определенный, точно выраженный;
    express desire настойчивое желание;
    настоятельная просьба ~ отправлять срочной почтой ~ отправлять срочной почтой или с нарочным (письмо, посылку) ~ амер. отправлять через посредство транспортной конторы (багаж и т. п.) ~ отправлять через транспортную контору ~ амер. пересылка (денег, багажа, товаров и т. п.) с нарочным или через посредство транспортной конторы ~ скоростной ~ специальный, нарочитый ~ специальный ~ спешно, очень быстро;
    с нарочным ~ спешный ~ срочная пересылка ~ срочное (почтовое) отправление ~ срочное письмо, срочное почтовое отправление ~ срочное письмо ~ срочное почтовое отправление ~ срочный, срочно, спешно ~ срочный;
    курьерский;
    express train курьерский поезд, экспресс;
    express delivery срочная доставка ~ срочный ~ точно выраженный ~ транспортная контора ~ амер. частная транспортная контора (тж. express company) ~ экспресс ~ ж.-д. экспресс ~ экстренный ~ bullet облегченная пуля с повышенной скоростью ~ определенный, точно выраженный;
    express desire настойчивое желание;
    настоятельная просьба the ~ image of his person его точная копия ~ rifle винтовка с повышенной начальной скоростью пули ~ срочный;
    курьерский;
    express train курьерский поезд, экспресс;
    express delivery срочная доставка ~ way автострада;
    автомагистраль со сквозным движением to travel ~ ехать экспрессом

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > express

  • 16 express

    1. [ıkʹspres] n
    1. экспресс (поезд, автобус и т. п.)
    2. нарочный, курьер, посыльный
    3. срочное письмо; срочное почтовое отправление
    4. амер.
    1) срочная пересылка (товаров, денег); срочная пересылка через транспортную контору

    to send by express - отправить с посыльным /через транспортную контору/

    2) транспортная контора (тж. express company)
    5. воен. винтовка с повышенной начальной скоростью пули (тж. express rifle)
    2. [ıkʹspres] a
    1. 1) определённый, точно выраженный; ясный, недвусмысленный

    express command - точное /ясное/ приказание

    2) арх. точный, верный, не приблизительный

    express image of a person - точная копия кого-л.; ≅ как две капли воды похожий на кого-л.

    2. специальный; нарочитый

    he came with this express purpose on - приехал специально с этой целью, только для этой цели он и приехал

    there was an express stipulation to the effect that... - было специально оговорено, что...

    3. срочный, спешный; экстренный

    express delivery - срочная доставка, доставка с нарочным (в Англии - почтой, в США - через транспортную контору)

    express train - курьерский поезд, экспресс

    express services - спец. срочные виды работ

    4. скоростной

    express bullet - воен. экспрессивная пуля, облегчённая пуля с повышенной скоростью

    express rifle - воен. винтовка с повышенной начальной скоростью пули

    ♢ express powers - полномочия центральной исполнительной власти, специально оговорённые в конституции США

    3. [ıkʹspres] adv
    1. срочно, спешно; экстренно; экспрессом; с нарочным

    to send smth. express - отправить что-л. с нарочным /с посыльным/

    to travel express - ехать курьерским поездом /экспрессом/

    2. редк. специально, нарочно

    he came here express to visit his old friends - он приехал сюда только для того, чтобы повидаться со старыми друзьями

    4. [ıkʹspres] v
    1. 1) выражать

    to express one's opinion - выразить /высказать/ своё мнение

    I cannot express to you how grateful I am - не могу выразить, как я вам благодарен

    to express one's sympathy [deep regret] at the untimely death of... - выразить сочувствие [глубокое сожаление] по поводу безвременной кончины...

    2) отражать, выражать

    his face expressed sorrow - на его лице отразилась печаль, лицо его было печально

    2. refl
    1) выражать себя, свою личность ( в художественном произведении)
    2) высказываться, выражать свои мысли

    to express oneself on smth. - высказаться по поводу чего-л.

    3. изображать, символизировать; отражать
    4. 1) отправлять срочной почтой, с нарочным ( почтовым)
    2) амер. отправлять через транспортную контору
    5. ехать экспрессом, курьерским поездом
    6. 1) выжимать

    to express the juice from an apple, to express an apple - выжимать сок из яблока

    2) исторгать

    the false evidence was expressed by torture - это ложное свидетельство было получено под пыткой

    НБАРС > express

  • 17 welcome

    'welkəm
    1. adjective
    (received with gladness and happiness: She will make you welcome; He is a welcome visitor at our house; The extra money was very welcome; The holiday made a welcome change.) bienvenido

    2. noun
    (reception; hospitality: We were given a warm welcome.) bienvenida, acogida, recepción

    3. verb
    (to receive or greet with pleasure and gladness: We were welcomed by our hosts; She will welcome the chance to see you again.) dar la bienvenidar, acoger, recibir

    4. interjection
    (used to express gladness at someone's arrival: Welcome to Britain!) bienvenido
    - be welcome to
    - you're welcome!
    welcome1 adj bienvenido
    welcome home! ¡bienvenido a casa!
    welcome2 n bienvenida / acogida
    welcome3 vb dar la bienvenida a / recibir
    tr['welkəm]
    1 (gen) bienvenido,-a
    ■ you're always welcome here siempre eres bienvenido aquí, estás en tu casa
    2 (news, sight, etc) grato,-a, agradable; (change) oportuno,-a, beneficioso,-a
    1 bienvenido,-a (to, a)
    ■ welcome home! ¡bienvenido a casa!
    1 bienvenida, acogida
    1 (greet) acoger, recibir; (officially) dar la bienvenida a
    2 (approve of, support) aplaudir, acoger con agrado
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to be welcome to... poder... con toda libertad
    ■ if he wants the job, then he's welcome to it! si quiere el trabajo, pues que se lo quede
    to give somebody a warm welcome acoger a alguien calurosamente
    to make somebody welcome hacer que alguien se sienta en casa
    to welcome something/somebody with open arms acoger algo/a alguien con los brazos abiertos
    you're welcome (not at all) no hay de qué, de nada
    welcome ['wɛlkəm] vt, - comed ; - coming : darle la bienvenida a, recibir
    welcome adj
    : bienvenido
    to make someone welcome: acoger bien a alguien
    you're welcome!: ¡de nada!, ¡no hay de qué!
    : bienvenida f, recibimiento m, acojida f
    v.
    • acoger v.
    • amadrigar v.
    • dar la bienvenida v.
    • dar la bienvenida a v.
    • recibir v.
    adj.
    • bienvenido, -a adj.
    interj.
    • bienvenido interj.
    n.
    • acogida s.f.
    • acogimiento s.m.
    • bienvenida s.f.
    • bienvenido s.m.
    • buena acogida s.f.
    • recibimiento s.m.
    • salva s.f.

    I 'welkəm

    welcome home/to Chicago! — bienvenido a casa/a Chicago!


    II
    a) ( gladly received) < guest> bienvenido; <change/news> grato

    to be welcome to + INF: you're welcome to use the phone el teléfono está a tu disposición; to be welcome TO something: you're welcome to these books puedes llevarte estos libros, si quieres; she's welcome to try — que pruebe, si quiere

    you're welcome! — de nada!, no hay de qué!


    III
    transitive verb ( greet) darle* la bienvenida a; ( receive)

    IV
    noun bienvenida f, recibimiento m, acogida f

    to give somebody a warm welcome — acoger* a alguien calurosamente, darle* a alguien una calurosa bienvenida or acogida or un caluroso recibimiento

    ['welkǝm]
    1.
    VT (=receive gladly) [+ person] dar la bienvenida a; [+ news] alegrarse de
    - welcome sb with open arms
    2.
    N bienvenida f, recibimiento m

    to give sb a warm/frosty welcome — dar a algn una calurosa/fría bienvenida, dar a algn un caluroso/frío recibimiento

    let's give a warm welcome to Ed Lilly! — ¡demos una calurosa bienvenida a Ed Lilly!

    to bid sb welcome — frm dar la bienvenida a algn

    outstay, overstay
    3. ADJ
    1) [person, guest, visitor] bienvenido, bien recibido

    you're welcome — (esp US) (in reply to thanks) de nada, no hay de qué

    you're welcome to it! — iro ¡te lo puedes quedar!

    you're welcome to use my car — puedes usar mi coche con toda libertad, el coche está a tu disposición

    - roll or put out the welcome mat for sb
    2) (=acceptable) [decision] bienvenido
    4.
    EXCL

    welcome! — ¡bienvenido!

    welcome back! — ¡bienvenido!

    welcome home! — ¡bienvenido a casa!

    welcome to Scotland! — ¡bienvenido a Escocia!

    * * *

    I ['welkəm]

    welcome home/to Chicago! — bienvenido a casa/a Chicago!


    II
    a) ( gladly received) < guest> bienvenido; <change/news> grato

    to be welcome to + INF: you're welcome to use the phone el teléfono está a tu disposición; to be welcome TO something: you're welcome to these books puedes llevarte estos libros, si quieres; she's welcome to try — que pruebe, si quiere

    you're welcome! — de nada!, no hay de qué!


    III
    transitive verb ( greet) darle* la bienvenida a; ( receive)

    IV
    noun bienvenida f, recibimiento m, acogida f

    to give somebody a warm welcome — acoger* a alguien calurosamente, darle* a alguien una calurosa bienvenida or acogida or un caluroso recibimiento

    English-spanish dictionary > welcome

  • 18 inspect

    in'spekt
    1) (to look at, or examine, carefully or formally: He inspected the bloodstains.) inspisere, undersøke
    2) (to visit (eg a restaurant or school) officially, to make sure that it is properly run: Cafés must be regularly inspected to find out if they are kept clean.) inspisere, etterse
    3) (to look at (troops etc) ceremonially: The Queen will inspect the regiment.) inspisere
    •
    - inspector
    kontrollere
    verb \/ɪnˈspekt\/
    1) inspisere, mønstre, granske, undersøke
    2) ta et overblikk over, bese, besiktige
    3) kontrollere, overvåke, ha tilsyn med

    English-Norwegian dictionary > inspect

  • 19 personarse

    pron.v.
    1 to turn up.
    2 to come in person, to assist, to be present, to show up.
    * * *
    1 to appear in person, present oneself
    * * *

    personarse en — to present o.s. at, report to

    personarse en forma — (Jur) to be officially represented

    * * *
    verbo pronominal
    a) (frml) ( en un lugar)
    b) (Esp) (Der) to appear in court
    * * *
    verbo pronominal
    a) (frml) ( en un lugar)
    b) (Esp) (Der) to appear in court
    * * *
    personarse [A1 ]
    1 ( frml)
    (en un lugar): la policía se personó en el lugar del accidente the police arrived at the scene of the accident
    se ruega a Isabel González se persone en el mostrador de información will Isabel González please go to the information desk
    hasta que el juez se personó no se pudo levantar el cadáver the body could not be moved until the judge reached the scene
    2 ( Esp) ( Der) to appear in court
    * * *
    1. [presentarse] to turn up;
    Señor López, persónese en caja central would Mr Lopez please go to the main sales desk
    2. Esp Der to appear;
    personarse como parte en un juicio = to take part in a trial in support of, but independent from, the state prosecution, to represent victims or special interests
    * * *
    v/r arrive, turn up

    Spanish-English dictionary > personarse

  • 20 inspect

    [in'spekt]
    1) (to look at, or examine, carefully or formally: He inspected the bloodstains.) rannsaka; skoða gaumgæfilega
    2) (to visit (eg a restaurant or school) officially, to make sure that it is properly run: Cafés must be regularly inspected to find out if they are kept clean.) yfirfara opinberlega
    3) (to look at (troops etc) ceremonially: The Queen will inspect the regiment.) framkvæma liðskönnun
    •
    - inspector

    English-Icelandic dictionary > inspect

Страницы

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